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How Many Male Animals Are The Agressors

Written By Tuesday, June 28, 2022 Add Comment Edit

Sexual behavior amid non-man species that is interpreted equally homosexual

Various non-human animal species exhibit beliefs that can be interpreted as homosexual or bisexual. This may include aforementioned-sexual activity sex activity, courtship, affection, pair bonding, and parenting among same-sex animal pairs.[1] [2] [three] Various forms of this are establish in every major geographic region and every major animal group. The sexual behavior of non-homo animals takes many unlike forms, even within the same species, though homosexual beliefs is best known from social species.

Scientists perceive homosexual behavior in animals to different degrees. According to Bruce Bagemihl, same-sexual activity behavior (comprising courtship, sexual, pair-bonding, and parental activities) has been documented in over 450 species of animals worldwide.[iv] Although same-sex interactions involving genital contact accept been reported in hundreds of animal species, they are routinely manifested in merely a few, including humans.[5] Simon LeVay stated that "[a]lthough homosexual behavior is very common in the animal world, it seems to be very uncommon that individual animals have a long-lasting predisposition to appoint in such behavior to the exclusion of heterosexual activities. Thus, a homosexual orientation, if one can speak of such thing in animals, seems to be a rarity."[half-dozen] The motivations for and implications of these behaviors are lensed through anthropocentric thinking; Bagemihl notes that whatsoever hypothesis is "necessarily an account of human being interpretations of these phenomena".[7]

One species in which exclusive homosexual orientation occurs is the domesticated sheep (Ovis aries).[eight] [9] "Well-nigh ten% of rams (males), refuse to mate with ewes (females) but exercise readily mate with other rams."[9]

In relation to humans

Applying the term homosexual to animals

The term homosexual was coined by the Hungarian writer and campaigner Karl Maria Kertbeny in 1868 to describe same-sex sexual attraction and sexual beliefs in humans.[ten] Its use in fauna studies has been controversial for 2 main reasons: animal sexuality and motivating factors have been and remain poorly understood, and the term has strong cultural implications in western club that are irrelevant for species other than humans.[11] Thus homosexual beliefs has been given a number of terms over the years. According to Bruce Bagemihl, when describing animals, the term homosexual is preferred over gay, lesbian, and other terms currently in use, as these are seen as even more than bound to human homosexuality.[12]

Bailey et al. says:[3]

Homosexual: in animals, this has been used to refer to same-sexual activity behavior that is not sexual in graphic symbol (e.one thousand. 'homosexual tandem running' in termites), aforementioned-sex courting or copulatory behavior occurring over a short period of time (east.g. 'homosexual mounting' in cockroaches and rams) or long-term pair bonds between same-sex activity partners that might involve whatever combination of courting, copulating, parenting and affectional behaviors (e.g. 'homosexual pair bonds' in gulls). In humans, the term is used to describe private sexual behaviors as well as long-term relationships, but in some usages connotes a gay or lesbian social identity. Scientific writing would benefit from reserving this anthropomorphic term for humans and not using information technology to describe beliefs in other animals, because of its deeply rooted context in man order.

Animal preference and motivation is e'er inferred from behavior. In wild fauna, researchers will as a rule not be able to map the entire life of an individual, and must infer from frequency of single observations of behavior. The correct usage of the term homosexual is that an animal exhibits homosexual beliefs or even aforementioned-sex sexual behavior; however, this article conforms to the usage by modern inquiry,[12] [13] [14] [15] [ page needed ] [16] applying the term homosexuality to all sexual beliefs (copulation, genital stimulation, mating games and sexual brandish beliefs) between animals of the same sex. In most instances, it is presumed that the homosexual behavior is but part of the animate being'southward overall sexual behavioral repertoire, making the animal "bisexual" rather than "homosexual" every bit the terms are commonly understood in humans.[fifteen] [ page needed ]

Nature

The observation of homosexual behavior in animals can be seen as both an argument for and against the acceptance of homosexuality in humans, and has been used particularly against the claim that information technology is a peccatum contra naturam ("sin against nature"). For instance, homosexuality in animals was cited by the American Psychiatric Clan and other groups in their amici curiae cursory to the United States Supreme Court in Lawrence v. Texas, which ultimately struck down the sodomy laws of 14 states.[17] [xviii]

Inquiry

A majority of the inquiry bachelor concerning homosexual behavior in animals lacks specification between animals that exclusively showroom aforementioned-sex tendencies and those that participate in heterosexual and homosexual mating activities interchangeably. This lack of stardom has led to differing opinions and alien interpretations of collected information amidst scientists and researchers. For instance, Bruce Bagemihl, writer of the book Biological Exuberence: Animal Homosexuality and Natural Diverseness, emphasizes that in that location are no anatomical or endocrinological differences between exclusively homosexual and exclusively heterosexual animal pairs.[xix] [ page needed ] However, if the definition of "homosexual beliefs" is fabricated to include animals that participate in both same-sexual practice and opposite-sexual activity mating activities, hormonal differences have been documented amongst fundamental sexual practice hormones, such as testosterone and estradiol, when compared to those who participate solely in heterosexual mating.[xx]

Many of the animals used in laboratory-based studies of homosexuality do not appear to spontaneously exhibit these tendencies oftentimes in the wild. Such behavior is frequently elicited and exaggerated by the researcher during experimentation through the destruction of a portion of encephalon tissue, or by exposing the animate being to loftier levels of steroid hormones prenatally.[21] [ folio needed ] Data gathered from these studies is limited when applied to spontaneously occurring same-sexual practice behavior in animals outside of the laboratory.[21]

Homosexual behaviour in animals has been discussed since classical artifact. The primeval written mention of fauna homosexuality appears to engagement back to 2,300 years ago, when Aristotle (384–322 BC) described copulation between pigeons, partridges and quails of the same sex.[22] The Hieroglyphics of Horapollo, written in the quaternary century Advertizing by the Egyptian writer Horapollo, mentions "hermaphroditism" in hyenas and homosexuality in partridges.[22] The first review of fauna homosexuality was written past the zoologist Ferdinand Karsch-Haack in 1900.[22]

Academic inquiry into the ubiquity of same-sexual activity sexual behavior was not carried out on a large scale, possibly due to observer bias caused by social attitudes to same-sexual practice sexual behavior,[23] innocent confusion, lack of interest, distaste, scientists fearing loss of their grants or even from a fright of "being ridiculed past their colleagues".[24] [25] Georgetown University biologist Janet Mann states "Scientists who study the topic are often accused of trying to forwards an calendar, and their work can come up under greater scrutiny than that of their colleagues who report other topics."[26] They besides noted "Not every sexual act has a reproductive function ... that's true of humans and not-humans."[26] Studies have demonstrated homosexual behavior in a number of species, but the true extent of homosexuality in animals is not known.

Some researchers believe this behavior to accept its origin in male person social organization and social dominance, like to the authority traits shown in prison sexuality. Others, particularly Bagemihl, Joan Roughgarden, Thierry Lodé[27] and Paul Vasey suggest the social function of sex (both homosexual and heterosexual) is not necessarily connected to dominance, but serves to strengthen alliances and social ties inside a flock. While reports on many such mating scenarios are still only anecdotal, a growing body of scientific work confirms that permanent homosexuality occurs not only in species with permanent pair bonds,[16] but also in non-monogamous species similar sheep. Ane report on sheep plant that 8% of rams exhibited homosexual preferences—that is, fifty-fifty when given a choice, they chose male over female partners.[28] In fact, apparent homosexual individuals are known from all of the traditional domestic species, from sheep, cattle and horses to cats, dogs and budgerigars.[29] [ page needed ]

Basis

Sexual behaviors ofttimes require a significant energy investment. When sexual behaviors produce offspring, at that place is an obvious benefit for the animal. However, the do good from performing homosexual behaviors (which cannot result in the production of offspring) is less obvious, and some scientists accept called information technology a "Darwinian paradox" considering information technology is not-reproductive. A number of not-exclusive unlike explanations for the emergence of such traits have been put forward.[30]

Physiological ground

A definite physiological explanation or reason for homosexual activity in animal species has non been agreed upon by researchers in the field. Numerous scholars are of the stance that varying levels (either higher or lower) of the sexual practice hormones in the beast,[31] in addition to the size of the brute'due south gonads,[20] play a directly function in the sexual behavior and preference exhibited past that animate being. Others firmly debate no evidence to back up these claims exists when comparison animals of a specific species exhibiting homosexual beliefs exclusively and those that exercise not. Ultimately, empirical back up from comprehensive endocrinological studies exist for both interpretations.[31] [21] Researchers found no evidence of differences in the measurements of the gonads, or the levels of the sex activity hormones of exclusively homosexual western gulls and ring-billed gulls.[32]

Additional studies pertaining to hormone interest in homosexual behavior point that when administering treatments of testosterone and estradiol to female person heterosexual animals, the elevated hormone levels increase the likelihood of homosexual beliefs. Additionally, boosting the levels of sexual practice hormones during an animal's pregnancy appears to increase the likelihood of information technology birthing a homosexual offspring.[31]

Genetic basis

Researchers establish that disabling the fucose mutarotase (FucM) gene in laboratory mice – which influences the levels of estrogen to which the brain is exposed – caused the female mice to behave as if they were male as they grew up. "The mutant female mouse underwent a slightly contradistinct developmental program in the brain to resemble the male brain in terms of sexual preference" said Professor Chankyu Park of the Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology in Daejon, South korea, who led the research. His findings were published in the BMC Genetics journal on July 7, 2010.[33] [34] Another report found that by manipulating a gene in fruit flies (Drosophila), homosexual beliefs appeared to have been induced. Withal, in improver to homosexual behavior, several abnormal behaviors were also exhibited apparently due to this mutation.[35]

Neurobiological footing

In March 2011, research showed that serotonin is involved in the mechanism of sexual orientation of mice.[36] [37] A study conducted on fruit flies found that inhibiting the dopamine neurotransmitter inhibited lab-induced homosexual behavior.[38]

Other hypotheses

One proposal for the adaptive office of homosexual behavior is the formation of alliances and mutual social benefit to the animals. Studies support this in specific species, such equally black swans, where a quarter of mate pairs consist of ii males, who mate with a female and chase her away once she lays the egg, so enhance it themselves. These Chiliad-K pairs have great success in defending their territory and resource, and keep their young alive until fledgling 80% of the fourth dimension, compared to 30% for M-F pairs.[39]

Studies done on homosexual behavior in birds showed a negative correlation between relative parental investment and F-F homosexual behaviors, i.e. females that invested more time and care into their young relative to males had less homosexual encounters. Similarly, at that place was a negative correlation between relative parental investment and M-M homosexual behaviors. This meant that species exhibiting a loftier degree of polygamy (where females oft are the exclusive caretakers of the young) F-F sexual behaviors were very rare, whereas in a socially monogamous species (in which a M-F pair works together to intendance for young) they were much more than common. The trend was opposite for males, in polygamous species M-M sexual behaviors were quite common and in socially monogamous species they were rare. The study argues that release from parental care, a very free energy intensive investment, allows the opportunities for homosexual behaviors to exist exhibited, and college parental intendance prevents homosexual behaviors from occurring considering of the energy cost of the behaviors.[40]

A 2019 paper hypothesized that when sex first began to evolve, there was no distinction betwixt homosexuality and heterosexuality, and animals mated with other members of their species indiscriminately. This is a contrast to about perspectives, which effort to find explanations for the development of homosexual behaviors and divide it completely from the evolution of heterosexual behaviors. The study states that it is unlikely that sexual behaviors evolved simultaneously to the evolution of traits necessary to recognize a compatible sexual mate, such every bit size, shape, odor, and color. As those secondary sex characteristics evolved, sexuality would have go more discriminatory, leading to less homosexuality, but homosexual behaviors would rarely have had plenty cost to be selected against and removed entirely from a population. Additionally, the cost of homosexual behavior would be offset by the toll of mate recognition, which requires psychological adaptations, and excessive bigotry in mate pick can lead to missing out of mating opportunities. With indiscriminate mating, these factors are irrelevant. The paper notes that in some species, peculiarly where survival is very difficult and each energy-related conclusion could mean the creature's death, homosexual behavior would be strongly selected against, leading strictly heterosexual species.[41]

Some select species and groups

Birds

Black swans

An estimated one-quarter of all black swan pairings are of males. They steal nests, or grade temporary threesomes with females to obtain eggs, driving away the female later she lays the eggs. The males spent time in each other's society, guarded the common territory, performed greeting ceremonies before each other, and (in the reproductive flow) pre-marital rituals, and if i of the birds tried to sit on the other, an intense fight began.[ane] [2] More of their cygnets survive to adulthood than those of different-sex activity pairs, possibly due to their superior ability to defend big portions of state. The aforementioned reasoning has been practical to male person flamingo pairs raising chicks.[42] [43]

Albatrosses

Female Laysan albatrosses, on the n-western tip of the isle of Oahu, Hawaii, form pairs for co-growing offspring. On the observed isle, the number of females considerably exceeds the number of males (59% N=102/172), so 31% of females, after mating with males, create partnerships for hatching and feeding chicks. Compared to male person-female couples, female person partnerships have a lower hatching charge per unit (41% vs 87%) and lower overall reproductive success (31% vs. 67%).[44]

Warming waters from climate change take led to increased foraging times and thus increased bloodshed amidst female black-browed albatrosses on the Antipodes Islands in New Zealand. The skewed gender imbalance has led to many male albatrosses forming homosexual relationships. Male-male pairs now comprise between ii - 5% of the boundness population on the islands.[45] [46]

Blueish ducks

In 2009, a Britain-based captive breeding program for blue ducks (involving two males and one female) was derailed when the two males paired with each other instead of with the female that they were assigned to mate with.[47]

Ibises

Enquiry has shown that the environmental pollutant methylmercury can increase the prevalence of homosexual beliefs in male American white ibis. The study involved exposing chicks in varying dosages to the chemic and measuring the degree of homosexual behavior in machismo. The results discovered was that every bit the dosage was increased the likelihood of homosexual behavior also increased. The endocrine blocking feature of mercury has been suggested as a possible cause of sexual disruption in other bird species.[48] [49]

Mallards

Mallards course male person-female pairs only until the female lays eggs, at which time the male person leaves the female. Mallards take rates of male-male sexual action that are unusually high for birds, in some cases, as loftier as 19% of all pairs in a population.[29] [ page needed ] Kees Moeliker of the Natural History Museum Rotterdam has observed i male person mallard appoint in homosexual necrophilia.[50]

Penguins

Penguins have been observed to engage in homosexual behaviour since at least as early as 1911. George Murray Levick, who documented this behaviour in Adélie penguins at Cape Adare, described it as "depraved". The study was considered besides shocking for public release at the fourth dimension, and was suppressed. The merely copies that were made bachelor privately to researchers had the English language text partly written in Greek letters, to prevent this noesis becoming more widely known. The study was unearthed only a century later, and published in Polar Record in June 2012.[51] [52]

In early on Feb 2004, The New York Times reported that Roy and Silo, a male pair of chinstrap penguins in the Central Park Zoo in New York City, had successfully hatched and fostered a female chick from a fertile egg they had been given to incubate.[17] Other penguins in New York zoos have too been reported to take formed same-sex pairs.[53] [54]

In Odense Zoo in Denmark, a pair of male rex penguins adopted an egg that had been abased by a female, proceeding to incubate it and raise the chick.[55] [56] Zoos in Japan and Germany take besides documented homosexual male penguin couples.[57] [58] The couples take been shown to build nests together and use a stone as a substitute for an egg. Researchers at Rikkyo University in Tokyo found 20 homosexual pairs at xvi major aquariums and zoos in Nihon.

The Bremerhaven Zoo in Germany attempted to encourage reproduction of endangered Humboldt penguins past importing females from Sweden and separating three male pairs, but this was unsuccessful. The zoo's director said that the relationships were "besides strong" between the homosexual pairs.[59] German gay groups protested at this attempt to interruption up the male-male pairs[60] but the zoo's manager was reported every bit maxim "We don't know whether the three male pairs are really homosexual or whether they have just bonded because of a shortage of females ... nobody here wants to forcibly separate homosexual couples."[61]

A pair of male Magellanic penguins who had shared a couch for six years at the San Francisco Zoo and raised a surrogate chick, split when the male of a pair in the next burrow died and the female sought a new mate.[62]

Buddy and Pedro, a pair of male person African penguins, were separated by the Toronto Zoo to mate with female person penguins.[63] [64] Buddy has since paired off with a female person.[64]

Suki and Chupchikoni are two female person African penguins that pair bonded at the Ramat Gan Safari in Israel. Chupchikoni was assumed to be male until her blood was tested.[65]

In 2014 Jumbs and Hurricane, ii Humboldt penguins at Wingham Wildlife Park became the center of international media attention equally ii male penguins who had pair bonded a number of years before and then successfully hatched and reared an egg given to them as surrogate parents later on the mother abandoned it halfway through incubation.[66]

Every bit of 2018, two female King penguins at Kelly Tarltons in Auckland, New Zealand, called Thelma and Louise (named after the 1991 picture) have been in a human relationship for eight years, when almost of the other eligible penguins switch partners each mating flavor, regardless of their orientation. The ii penguins were both taking care of an egg that Thelma hatched, simply is unknown whether it was fertilized.[67]

Vultures

In 1998, ii male griffon vultures named Dashik and Yehuda, at the Jerusalem Biblical Zoo, engaged in "open up and energetic sexual activity" and congenital a nest. The keepers provided the couple with an artificial egg, which the two parents took turns incubating, and 45 days later, the zoo replaced the egg with a baby vulture. The two male vultures raised the chick together.[68] A few years later, however, Yehuda became interested in a female vulture that was brought into the asylum. Dashik became depressed, and was eventually moved to the zoological enquiry garden at Tel Aviv University where he too set up a nest with a female vulture.[69]

Two male person vultures at the Allwetter Zoo in Muenster built a nest together, although they were picked on and their nest materials were often stolen by other vultures. They were eventually separated to endeavour to promote breeding by placing one of them with female person vultures, despite the protests of High german homosexual groups.[70]

Pigeons

Both male person and female pigeons sometimes exhibit homosexual beliefs. In improver to sexual behavior, aforementioned-sex pigeon pairs will build nests, and hens will lay (infertile) eggs and attempt to incubate them.[71]

Mammals

Amazon dolphins

The Amazon river dolphin or boto has been reported to form upwardly in bands of three–v individuals engaging in sexual activity. The groups usually incorporate young males and sometimes one or two females. Sexual activity is often performed in not-reproductive ways, using snout, flippers and genital rubbing, without regard to gender.[72] In captivity, they have been observed to sometimes perform homosexual and heterosexual penetration of the blowhole, a hole homologous with the nostril of other mammals, making this the only known example of nasal sex in the beast kingdom.[72] [73] The males will sometimes also perform sex with males from the tucuxi species, a blazon of pocket-size porpoise.[72]

American bisons

The American bison is a bovine mammal which displays homosexual behavior.

Courting, mounting, and full anal penetration betwixt bulls has been noted to occur among American bison. The Mandan nation Okipa festival concludes with a formalism enactment of this behavior, to "ensure the return of the buffalo in the coming flavor".[74] Also, mounting of 1 female by another (known as "bulling") is extremely common amidst cattle. The behaviour is hormone driven and synchronizes with the emergence of oestrus (heat), particularly in the presence of a bull.

Bats

Two male person Bonin flight foxes (Pteropus pselaphon) performing fellatio on each other.[75]

More than than 20 species of bat accept been documented to appoint in homosexual behavior.[22] [75] Bat species that have been observed engaging in homosexual behavior in the wild include:[22]

  • the grayness-headed flying fox (Pteropus poliocephalus)
  • the Bonin flight fox (Pteropus pselaphon)[75]
  • the Indian flying fox (Pteropus giganteus)
  • Rafinesque's big-eared bat (Corynorhinus rafinesquii)
  • the mutual bent-fly bat (Miniopterus schreibersii)
  • the serotine bat (Eptesicus serotinus)
  • Bechstein'south bat (Myotis bechsteinii)
  • the long-fingered bat (Myotis capaccinii)
  • Daubenton'south bat (Myotis daubentonii)
  • the footling brownish bat (Myotis lucifugus)
  • the greater mouse-eared bat (Myotis myotis)
  • the whiskered bat (Myotis mystacinus)
  • Natterer's bat (Myotis nattereri)
  • the common noctule (Nyctalus noctula)
  • Leisler'due south bat (Nyctalus leisleri)
  • the common pipistrelle (Pipistrellus pipistrellus)
  • the brown long-eared bat (Plecotus auritus)
  • the barbastelle (Barbastella barbastellus)
  • the greater horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus ferrumequinum)
  • the lesser horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus hipposideros)

Bat species that have been observed engaging in homosexual beliefs in captivity include the Comoro flying flim-flam (Pteropus livingstonii), the Rodrigues flying fox (Pteropus rodricensis) and the common vampire bat (Desmodus rotundus).[22]

Homosexual beliefs in bats has been categorized into 6 groups: mutual homosexual grooming and licking, homosexual masturbation, homosexual play, homosexual mounting, coercive sex, and cantankerous-species homosexual sex.[22] [75]

In the wild, the greyness-headed flying fox (Pteropus poliocephalus) engages in allogrooming wherein one partner licks and gently bites the breast and wing membrane of the other partner. Both sexes display this form of common homosexual grooming and information technology is more mutual in males. Males frequently accept cock penises while they are mutually grooming each other. Similar opposite-sex activity preparation partners, same-sex training partners continuously utter a "pre-copulation telephone call", which is described as a "pulsed grating call", while engaged in this activity.[22] [75]

In wild Bonin flying foxes (Pteropus pselaphon), males perform fellatio or 'male-male genital licking' on other males. Male–male genital licking events occur repeatedly several times in the same pair, and reciprocal genital licking likewise occurs. The male-male genital licking in these bats is considered a sexual behavior. Allogrooming in Bonin flight foxes has never been observed, hence the male-male genital licking in this species does not seem to exist a byproduct of allogrooming, but rather a behavior of direct licking the male person genital expanse, contained of allogrooming.[75] In captivity, same-sex genital licking has been observed amid males of the Comoro flying flim-flam (Pteropus livingstonii) as well every bit among males of the mutual vampire bat (Desmodus rotundus).[22] [75]

In wild Indian flying foxes (Pteropus giganteus), males often mount 1 another, with erections and thrusting, while play-wrestling.[22] Males of the long-fingered bat (Myotis capaccinii) have been observed in the same position of male-female person mounting, with one gripping the back of the other'southward fur. A like behavior was also observed in the common bent-wing bat (Miniopterus schreibersii).[22]

In wild lilliputian brown bats (Myotis lucifugus), males often mount other males (and females) during belatedly autumn and wintertime, when many of the mounted individuals are torpid.[22] 35% of matings during this period are homosexual.[76] These coercive copulations usually include ejaculation and the mounted bat often makes a typical copulation call consisting of a long squawk.[22] Similarly, in hibernacula of the common noctule (Nyctalus noctula), active males were observed to wake up from languor on a warm twenty-four hours and engage in mating with lethargic males and (active or lethargic) females. The lethargic males, similar females, called out loudly and presented their buccal glands with opened mouth during copulation.[22]

Vesey-Fitzgerald (1949) observed homosexual behaviours in all 12 British bat species known at the time: "Homosexuality is mutual in the leap in all species, and, since the males are in full possession of their powers, I suspect throughout the summer...I have even seen homosexuality between Natterer's and Daubenton's bats (Myotis nattereri and Grand. daubentonii)."[22]

Bottlenose dolphins

Dolphins of several species appoint in homosexual acts, though it is best studied in the bottlenose dolphins.[29] [ page needed ] Sexual encounters betwixt females take the shape of "bill-genital propulsion", where 1 female inserts her beak in the genital opening of the other while swimming gently forwards.[77] Between males, homosexual behaviour includes rubbing of genitals against each other, which sometimes leads to the males swimming belly to belly, inserting the penis in the other'southward genital slit and sometimes anus.[78]

Janet Isle of mann, Georgetown University professor of biology and psychology, argues that the stiff personal beliefs amidst male person dolphin calves is about bond germination and benefits the species in an evolutionary context.[79] She cites studies showing that these dolphins later in life as adults are in a sense bisexual, and the male bonds forged before in life work together for protection likewise equally locating females to reproduce with. Confrontations between flocks of bottlenose dolphins and the related species Atlantic spotted dolphin will sometimes atomic number 82 to cross-species homosexual behaviour betwixt the males rather than combat.[fourscore]

Elephants

African and Asian male elephants will engage in same-sex bonding and mounting. Such encounters are often associated with affectionate interactions, such as kissing, body intertwining, and placing trunks in each other's mouths. Male elephants, who often live autonomously from the full general herd, ofttimes form "companionships", consisting of an older individual and 1 or sometimes two younger males with sexual beliefs beingness an of import office of the social dynamic. Unlike heterosexual relations, which are always of a fleeting nature, the relationships between males may last for years. The encounters are analogous to heterosexual bouts, one male often extending his torso forth the other'due south back and pushing forward with his tusks to signify his intention to mount. Same-sexual practice relations are mutual and frequent in both sexes, with Asiatic elephants in captivity devoting roughly 45% of sexual encounters to aforementioned-sex activity.[81]

Giraffes

Male giraffes have been observed to engage in remarkably high frequencies of homosexual beliefs. After aggressive "necking", it is common for two male giraffes to caress and court each other, leading up to mounting and climax. Such interactions betwixt males have been found to be more frequent than heterosexual coupling.[82] In one study, up to 94% of observed mounting incidents took place between ii males. The proportion of same sexual activity activities varied between 30 and 75%, and at any given time ane in twenty males were engaged in non-combative necking behavior with another male. Only 1% of same-sex activity mounting incidents occurred between females.[83]

Marmots

Olympic marmot (left) and hoary marmot (right).

Homosexual behavior is quite common in wild marmots.[84] In Olympic marmots (Marmota olympus) and hoary marmots (Marmota caligata), females oftentimes mount other females as well equally engage in other affectionate and sexual behaviors with females of the same species.[84] They brandish a high frequency of these behaviors especially when they are in heat.[84] [85] A homosexual encounter often begins with a greeting interaction in which ane female nuzzles her nose on the other female'south cheek or mouth, or both females touch noses or mouths. Additionally, a female may gently chew on the ear or neck of her partner, who responds by raising her tail. The first female person may sniff the other's genital region or nuzzle that region with her mouth. She may then proceed to mount the other female, during which the mounting female gently grasps the mounted female'southward dorsal neck fur in her jaws while thrusting. The mounted female person arches her back and holds her tail to one side to facilitate their sexual interaction.[84] [86]

Lions

Both male and female lions have been seen to interact homosexually.[87] [88] Male lions pair-bond for a number of days and initiate homosexual action with affectionate nuzzling and caressing, leading to mounting and thrusting. About 8% of mountings have been observed to occur with other males. Pairings betwixt females are held to exist fairly mutual in captivity merely have not been observed in the wild.

Polecats

European polecats (Mustela putorius) were found to engage homosexually with non-sibling animals. Exclusive homosexuality with mounting and anal penetration in this solitary species serves no apparent adaptive function.[89] [ folio needed ]

Primates

Bonobos

Bonobos course a matriarchal society, unusual among apes. They are fully bisexual: both males and females appoint in hetero- and homosexual behavior, being noted for female person–female sexual practice in particular,[xc] including between juveniles and adults.[91] Roughly lx% of all bonobo sexual practice occurs betwixt ii or more females. While the homosexual bonding arrangement in bonobos represents the highest frequency of homosexuality known in any primate species, homosexuality has been reported for all great apes, too as a number of other primate species.[92] [93] [94] [95] [96]

Dutch primatologist Frans de Waal, who extensively observed and filmed bonobos, believed that sexual activity is the bonobo's way of avoiding conflict. Annihilation that arouses the interest of more than 1 bonobo at a time, not just nutrient, tends to result in sexual contact. If two bonobos approach a cardboard box thrown into their enclosure, they will briefly mountain each other before playing with the box. Such situations lead to squabbles in nearly other species. Simply bonobos are quite tolerant, maybe because they utilize sex to divert attention and to defuse tension.[91] [97]

Bonobo sexual activity often occurs in aggressive contexts totally unrelated to food. A jealous male person might hunt some other away from a female person, after which the ii males reunite and appoint in scrotal rubbing. Or afterwards a female hits a juvenile, the latter's mother may lunge at the aggressor, an activity that is immediately followed by genital rubbing between the two adults.[91]

Gorillas

Homosexual behavior among male person gorillas has been studied.[98] This behavior occurs more ofttimes in all-male bachelor packs in the wild and it is believed to play a role in social bonding. Homosexual beliefs amid female mountain gorillas has also been documented.[99]

Japanese macaques

With the Japanese macaque, also known as the "snow monkey", same-sex relations are frequent, though rates vary betwixt troops. Females volition form "consortships" characterized by affectionate social and sexual activities. In some troops up to one quarter of the females form such bonds, which vary in elapsing from a few days to a few weeks. Often, strong and lasting friendships result from such pairings. Males also have same-sexual practice relations, typically with multiple partners of the same age. Affectionate and playful activities are associated with such relations.[100]

Orangutans

Homosexual behavior forms part of the natural repertoire of sexual or sociosexual beliefs of orangutans. Male homosexual behavior occurs both in the wild and in captivity, and it occurs in both boyish and mature individuals. Homosexual behavior in orangutans is not an antiquity of captivity or contact with humans.[101]

Monkeys

Among monkeys[ clarification needed ], Lionel Tiger and Robin Trick conducted a study on how Depo-Provera contraceptives lead to decreased male attraction to females.[102]

Sheep

Ovis aries has attracted much attention due to the fact that around eight–10% of rams accept an exclusive homosexual orientation.[8] [28] [103] [104] [105] [106] Such rams adopt to court and mount other rams only, even in the presence of estrous ewes.[8] Moreover, around eighteen–22% of rams are bisexual.[104]

Several observations bespeak that male–male person sexual preference in rams is sexually motivated. Rams routinely perform the same courtship behaviors (including foreleg kicks, nudges, vocalizations, anogenital sniffs and flehmen) prior to mounting other males equally observed when other rams courtroom and mount estrous females. Furthermore, pelvic thrusting and ejaculation often back-trail same-sexual practice mounts by rams.[106]

A number of studies have reported differences in brain structure and function between male person-oriented and female-oriented rams, suggesting that sexual partner preferences are neurologically hard-wired.[106] A 2003 report past Dr. Charles E. Roselli et al. (Oregon Health and Science University), states that homosexuality in male sheep is associated with a region in the rams' brains which the authors call the "ovine Sexually Dimorphic Nucleus" (oSDN) which is half the size of the corresponding region in heterosexual male sheep.[28] Scientists found that, "The oSDN in rams that preferred females was significantly larger and contained more neurons than in male-oriented rams and ewes. In add-on, the oSDN of the female-oriented rams expressed higher levels of aromatase, a substance that converts testosterone to estradiol, a form of estrogen which is believed to facilitate typical male sexual behaviors. Aromatase expression was no different betwixt male person-oriented rams and ewes [...] The dense cluster of neurons that comprise the oSDN limited cytochrome P450 aromatase. Aromatase mRNA levels in the oSDN were significantly greater in female-oriented rams than in ewes, whereas male-oriented rams exhibited intermediate levels of expression." These results suggest that "... naturally occurring variations in sexual partner preferences may exist related to differences in brain anatomy and its capacity for estrogen synthesis."[28] Every bit noted before, given the potential unagressiveness of the male population in question, the differing aromatase levels may also accept been evidence of aggression levels, not sexuality. Information technology should also be noted that the results of this particular study have not been confirmed by other studies.

The Merck Transmission of Veterinary Medicine appears to consider homosexuality amid sheep every bit a routine occurrence and an upshot to be dealt with as a problem of fauna husbandry.[107]

Studies have failed to identify any compelling social factors that can predict or explain the variations in sexual partner preferences of domestic rams.[106] Homosexual orientation and same-sex mounting in rams is non related to say-so, social rank or competitive ability. Indeed, male-oriented rams are not more than or less ascendant than female person-oriented rams.[108] [106] Homosexual orientation in rams is also not affected past rearing weather condition, i.east., rearing males in all-male person groups, rearing male and female person lambs together, early exposure of adolescent males to females and early social experiences with females do not promote or prevent homosexual orientation in rams.[108] [106] Male person-oriented partner preference too does not appear to be an artifact caused by captivity or human management of sheep.[106]

Homosexual courtship and sexual activity routinely occur among rams of wild sheep species, such as bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis), thinhorn sheep (Ovis dalli), mouflons and urials (Ovis orientalis).[109] Normally a higher ranking older male courts a younger male person using a sequence of stylized movements. To initiate homosexual courtship, a courtship male approaches the other male with his caput and neck lowered and extended far frontward in what is called the 'low-stretch' posture. He may combine this with the 'twist,' in which the courtship male sharply rotates his caput and points his muzzle toward the other male, oft while flicking his natural language and making grumbling sounds. The courtship male too oft performs a 'foreleg kick', in which he snaps his front end leg upwards confronting the other male's belly or between his hind legs. He as well occasionally sniffs and nuzzles the other male'south genital area and may perform the flehmen response. Thinhorn rams additionally lick the penis of the male they are courting. In response, the male existence courted may rub his cheeks and forehead on the courting male person's face, nibble and lick him, rub his horns on the courtship male's cervix, chest, or shoulders, and develop an erection. Males of another wild sheep species, the Asiatic mouflons, perform similar courtship behaviors towards beau males.[109]

Sex activity betwixt wild males typically involves mounting and anal intercourse. In Thinhorn sheep, genital licking also occurs. During mounting, the larger male usually mounts the smaller male by rearing up on his hind legs and placing his front end legs on his partner's flanks. The mounting male usually has an erect penis and accomplishes full anal penetration while performing pelvic thrusts that may lead to ejaculation. The mounted male arches his back to facilitate the copulation. Homosexual courtship and sexual activity can too take place in groups equanimous of three to ten wild rams clustered together in a circumvolve. These non-aggressive groups are called 'huddles' and involve rams rubbing, licking, nuzzling, horning, and mounting each other. Female Mountain sheep also engage in occasional courting activities with ane some other and in sexual activities such as licking each other'southward genitals and mounting.[109]

Spotted hyenas

The family construction of the spotted hyena is matriarchal, and say-so relationships with strong sexual elements are routinely observed between related females. Due largely to the female spotted hyena's unique urogenital organization, which looks more like a penis rather than a vagina, early naturalists idea hyenas were hermaphroditic males who commonly good homosexuality.[110] [ failed verification ] Early writings such as Ovid's Metamorphoses and the Physiologus suggested that the hyena continually changed its sex and nature from male to female person and back over again. In Paedagogus, Cloudless of Alexandria noted that the hyena (along with the hare) was "quite obsessed with sexual intercourse". Many Europeans associated the hyena with sexual deformity, prostitution, deviant sexual behavior, and even witchcraft.

The reality behind the confusing reports is the sexually aggressive beliefs between the females, including mounting between females. Research has shown that "in contrast to most other female mammals, female Crocuta are male person-like in advent, larger than males, and substantially more than aggressive,"[111] and they have "been masculinized without existence defeminized".[110] [ failed verification ]

Study of this unique genitalia and ambitious behavior in the female person hyena has led to the understanding that more than aggressive females are meliorate able to compete for resource, including food and mating partners.[110] [112] Enquiry has shown that "elevated levels of testosterone in utero"[113] contribute to extra aggressiveness; both males and females mount members of both the same and opposite sex,[113] [114] who in plough are possibly acting more submissive considering of lower levels of testosterone in utero.[111]

Reptiles

Lizards

Several species of whiptail lizard (particularly in the genus Aspidoscelis) consist just of females that have the power to reproduce through parthenogenesis.[115] Females engage in sexual behavior to stimulate ovulation, with their behavior following their hormonal cycles; during depression levels of estrogen, these (female) lizards appoint in "masculine" sexual roles. Those animals with currently loftier estrogen levels assume "feminine" sexual roles. Some parthenogenetic lizards that perform the courtship ritual have greater fertility than those kept in isolation due to an increase in hormones triggered by the sexual behaviors. And so, even though asexual whiptail lizards populations lack males, sexual stimuli still increase reproductive success. From an evolutionary standpoint, these females are passing their total genetic lawmaking to all of their offspring (rather than the 50% of genes that would be passed in sexual reproduction). Certain species of gecko too reproduce past parthenogenesis.[116]

Some species of sexually reproducing geckos have likewise been found to display homosexual behavior, east.g. the day geckos Phelsuma laticauda and Phelsuma cepediana.[117]

Tortoises

Jonathan, the globe's oldest tortoise (an Aldabra giant tortoise), had been mating with some other tortoise named Frederica since 1991. In 2017, it was discovered that Frederica was really probably male all forth, and was renamed Frederic.[118]

Insects and arachnids

At that place is prove of aforementioned-sex sexual behavior in at to the lowest degree 110 species of insects and arachnids.[119] Scharf et al. says: "Males are more than frequently involved in same-sex activity sexual (SSS) behavior in the laboratory than in the field, and isolation, high density, and exposure to female person pheromones increment its prevalence. SSS beliefs is frequently shorter than the equivalent heterosexual behavior. Near cases can be explained via mistaken identification by the active (courtship/mounting) male person. Passive males often resist courtship/mating attempts".[119]

Scharf et al. continues: "SSS behavior has been reported in most insect orders, and Bagemihl (1999) provides a list of ~100 species of insects demonstrating such behavior. Still, this list lacks detailed descriptions, and a more comprehensive summary of its prevalence in invertebrates, also every bit ethology, causes, implications, and development of this behavior, remains lacking".[119]

Dragonflies

The caput of darner dragonfly (Basiaeschna janata)

Male person homosexuality has been inferred in several species of dragonflies (the order Odonata). The cloacal pinchers of male damselflies and dragonflies inflict feature head harm to females during sex. A survey of 11 species of damsel and dragonflies[120] [121] has revealed such mating damages in 20 to eighty% of the males likewise, indicating a adequately high occurrence of sexual coupling betwixt males.

Fruit flies

Male person Drosophila melanogaster flies bearing two copies of a mutant allele in the fruitless cistron court and attempt to mate exclusively with other males.[122] The genetic basis of animal homosexuality has been studied in the wing D. melanogaster.[123] Here, multiple genes have been identified that can crusade homosexual courting and mating.[124] These genes are thought to control behavior through pheromones besides as altering the construction of the fauna's brains.[125] [126] These studies have also investigated the influence of environment on the likelihood of flies displaying homosexual beliefs.[127] [128]

Bed bugs

Male bed bugs (Cimex lectularius) are sexually attracted to any newly fed private and this results in homosexual mounting. This occurs in heterosexual mounting by the traumatic insemination in which the male pierces the female abdomen with his needle-similar penis. In homosexual mating this risks intestinal injuries as males lack the female counteradaptive spermalege structure. Males produce warning pheromones to reduce such homosexual mating.

Meet also

  • Against Nature?
  • Biology and sexual orientation
  • Cantankerous species sex
  • Freemartin
  • Hermaphroditism in animals
  • Homosexuality and psychology
  • List of animals displaying homosexual beliefs
  • Non-homo primate experiments
  • Norms of reaction
  • Sexual orientation
  • Timeline of sexual orientation and medicine
  • Xq28

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External links

  • National Geographic
  • Homosexual Behaviour in Animals An Evolutionary Perspective
  • Driscoll, E. V. (2008), Bisexual Species, Scientific American Mind, 19(three), pp. 68–73.
  • Nature or nurture? Innate social behaviors in the mouse encephalon

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homosexual_behavior_in_animals

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